Famous Court Cases

Mia asked:


and also how did they come to be decided by the supreme court? what other lower courts did it go through?

Ally Cat asked:


What are three famous people who have been a witness in court, and what were the verdicts in their cases?

Ketan asked:


Appearing for law entrance exams in India(CLAT), and so anything that can help in supplementing my knowledge will help.

Most preferable are law-related books.
(Maybe about some famous cases, etc. For example, ‘Courts and their Judgements’ by Arun Shourie)

brocks01987 asked:


I know there have been a lot of cases arguing FOR searches, but what about cases against searches? If the answers is NO, then I may use that as a point for searches.

Max R Waller asked:


LEGAL DISCLOSURE
You do NOT have to agree or accept any or all on this site or the blogs

Dedication

Samuel Moore Walton “Mr Sam, Helen Robson Walton “Mrs Walton, and James Lawrence Walton “Bud” , and Thomas M Coughlin, a protoge of Mr Sam, even though he did some wrong nevetheless, but lost because of the Code of Silence and the fear that all associates have of the powerful Legal Division of Wal Mart Stores, Inc.

The FBI’s Cyber Division knows the password of this site and CAN deliberately DELETE it, accidentally leak it or sell it.

There are still FBI Agents that will defend and uphold the US Constitution even if it means questioning their orders and superiors. I respect them as I have met some, but I am glad that I never asked for their names.

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Wrongful Termination with possible illegal implications at Sam’s Club 6625 at San Fernando California 91340

William Gregory Lang or Bill Lang wants to transfer to a Sam’s Club in Colorado as soon as possible. Mr Lang used to be trusted by Max Rafael Waller who made the mistake of telling him everything before the Termination on Monday, 23 April 2007.

Mr Lang is a decent and the Waller Family will pray for everyone that is against Max Rafael Waller

Team Lead Ambrosio Galvan also knows a lot of dirty secrets at Sam’s Club 6625, but is nervous about losing his job if he sides with Max Rafael Waller

Sam’s Club PD-57 was NOT adhere to by Club Manager Fidel Jacobo and Membership Manager Esperanza Lopez. No documentation of any complaints and the San Fernando Police Department or the Los Angeles Police Department ever showed for a “Work Place Violence.” Please show proof since one complaint and one video tape does NOT establish workplace violence. Neither Mr Jacobo or Ms Lopez wanted to sign the papers of any meeting between two managers and Max Rafael Waller for Legal Documentation. No meetings to address any potentail problems at the Tire and Battery Center were brought up by the Team Lead or Management.

The Waller Family will pray for everyone that is against Max Rafael Waller formerly Assoc ID 0035 and Operator 007 proudly serving since Tuesday, 13 November 1990 - Monday, 23 April 2007 and only needed about nine years to do a minimal of twenty-five years to retire from Wal Mart Stores, Inc. He was one hundred percent vested in Profit Sharing and had a one month vacation allocated per year.

No meetings to address any potentail problems at the Tire and Battery Center were brought up by the Team Lead or Management.

As of Monday, 9 April 2007, the people of the Tire Shop are playing pranks and making it appear as if Max Rafael Waller is becoming forgetful such as the misplacement of tools and personal safety gear. The suspects are Erick Miron and Mark Castro. Esperanza Lopez was told and never had a meeting to discuss the topics brought to her attention by Max Rafael Waller.

Manager Esperanza Lopez was asked to verify this by reviewing the Surveillance video tapes and the request was not honored. Esperanza Lopez, Memebership Manager, was told about the pranks about two weeks ago but no meeting to difuse or address serious matters was conducted.

Miguel P Herrera might had spread misinformation but is only a suspect.

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HOW IT ALL BEGAN

Sam’s Club 6625

12920 Foothill Blvd

San Fernando California 91340

Phone:1-818-365-7710

Fax:1-818-365-0690

December 2006 Mehmet Ekinci {A Hatchet Man and sent to “clean House” is no longer there but in Fresno according to Mr Jason Fastner} said that he was replacing everyone in the tire shop or its proper title: Tire and Battery Center according to Jeff Lopez{no longer work there} and Mark Castro{has recanted}and Bill Lang heard indirectly but will deny it. Max Rafael Waller studied all of Wal-Mart policies and found that if that his remark {INTIMIDATION} could be verified then he would get a coaching for making such a remark. The others are scared to tell the truth.

Sam’s Club 6625

Fidel Jacobo has POSSIBLY EVERYBODY at Sam’s Club gathering information given out by Max Rafael Waller and will reward them by promotion and/or a payraise along with illegal surveillance that GROSSLY violates Global Ethics Compliance that Wal-Mart Stores, Inc claims to uphold. They will say they are understaff and this is baseless. Fidel Jacobo might be spreading misinformation through the tire shop boss, Bill Lang.

Fidel Jacobo has received a lot of Anti-Union training

Bill told Max if the associates do not follow rules let that be the problem of management. Bill Lang is a Team Lead and so he is required to enforce all rules even IF he disagrees.

Los Angeles Times
C2 Thursday, April 5, 2007 in the Business Section the title is
Wal-Mart defend its monitoring

If it is proven then it is a gross violoation of the Global Ethics that Wal Mart Stores, Inc agreed to comply when they signed it around 2003

Will Wal Mart Stores, Inc allow inspection of all internal complaints that have violated Global Ethics or stonewall like the White House and the Valerie Plame situation ?

The secret for Wal-Mart not getting caught of Fear and intimidation is simple: a lot of unwritten rules so there is no evidence.

A lot of non-managers associates will respond by saying they see or know nothing of improper treatment. They will also have selective memory.

The Legal Division of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc is preparing countercharges and some will be Invasion of Privacy, Defamation of Character, Character Assassination, Destroying Reputation, Intent , Injurious to morale , etcetera, but the biggest will be that this site is ONLY generalizations and especially baseless with no legally verifiable facts.

Will the Legal Division have legitimate countercharges ? Yes, but I chose no to type all them and have them ready for a lawyer for effective defense and so it is their problem to figure them out.

Duress and Graymail may be part of the defense of Max Rafael Waller along with the usual Freedom of Exprssion afforded by the US Constitution Graymail can be used against US Federal Government and possibly local Law Enforcement.

Will Wal-Mart succeed in having Max Rafael Waller discredited by a Psychological Evaluation thereby stigmatizing him as a man with grands delusions ? Is Samuel Robson Walton of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc part of this ?

Ensuring that legal cases proving that the rules to ensure to easy terminate people are not made aware?

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has a persistent Legal Divsion that rivals the US Federal Government and has many victories on its belt.

It can be verified just ask the New York Times for confirmation.

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The Disingenuous and Duplicitous Legal Division of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc

To give the Appearance that Max Rafael Waller is causing great harm to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc and Sam’s Club they have labeled Interview Questions and “Privileged & Confidential” and the Sam’s Club University title is

More Than A Gut Feeling

Participant’s Guide

A list of interview questions should be deemed Innocuous that is not be Injurious to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc and Sam’s Club.

The so called witnesses are Mr. Fastener and Mr. Lang of Sam’s Club 6625. They are so desperate that they will act as like the Valerie Plame case. A print out of this document conveniently did not have a date nor time printed as to give an appearance that is so sensitive.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc WILL improve and better their ways of operating, but it will NOT be easy. They are NOT as horrible as people claim.

There is an old saying have friend close to you, BUT have your enemies even closer.

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Sam’s Club 6625 are doing this tactic as of Wednesday, 4 April 2007 and some members as well.

One African-American tried to talk about the union, but Max’s reply “You started inserting the talk about the union and so you want to find out what is going on in my head. You wearing clothes so raggedy that your testicles are showing. If you were FBI you would be in trouble for indecent exposure.” He left.

TACTICS USED BY SAM’S CLUB 6625 / WAL MART STORES, INC

Others Associates and one Caucasian-American named Jarrod tried to be his friend. Jarrod in the past ignore him while his friend that came along with him came from another Sam’s Club and they enjoy Good Cop and Bad Cop.
When enough approaches to friendship have been ignored Sam’s Club 6625 will say “Hey everyone tried to befriend Max, but he sent them all away and this shows that he lacks social skills or has some problems and he will not allow us to help in whatever way we can”

Can you say Hyena and Benedict Arnold

Wal-Mart are excellent at discrediting people through what they have done in over 10 years. They shed Crocodile tears for associates with the courage of not being intimidated.

ANOTHER TACTIC OF SAM’S CLUB 6625 / WAL MART STORES, INC

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc will protect their Public Relations and Image AT ANY COST INCLUDING MAKING A PACT Loyal Customers, “grateful” associates, and their vendors and suppliers.

Members will complain to get Max Rafael Waller and Sam’s Club 6625 management will do it without hesitation.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc WILL improve and better their ways of operating, but it will NOT be easy. They are NOT as horrible as people claim.

Sam’s Club 6625 are doing this tactic as of Wednesday, 4 April 2007 and some members as well.

One African-American tried to talk about the union, but Max’s reply “You started inserting the talk about the union and so you want to find out what is going on in my head. You wearing clothes so raggedy that your testicles are showing. If you were FBI you would be in trouble for indecent exposure.” He left.

INTIAL ATTEMPT TO DISCREDIT WITH A PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION

A possible misdiagnosis and initial attempt to discredit through a Psychological Evaluation by Scott Wang MD from
Providence Holy Cross Medical Center
15301 Rinaldi St
Mission Hills CA 91345
Telephone: 1-818-365-8051

Dr Scott Wang’s name could not be found at their website

http://www.providence.org/losangeles/facilities/providence_holy_cross/default.htmand he is the one who possibly suggested a Psychiatric Evaluation so a result
to Wal-Mart’s desire could be used to start discrediting Max Rafael Waller

An old white man with a Kaiser Permanente badge and from a Psychiatric Evaluation team from Kaiser never left a business card or a phone number for communication. He looked like an actor from Law and Order portraying a Psychiatrist and impersonation IS illegal and punishable by law.

On Sunday, 1 April 2007
Dr Paul R Hladon
Kaiser Permanente
13652 Cantara St
Panorama City CA 91402
Telephone: 1-818-375-2377

Dr Paul R Hladon reluctantly gave Max two prescriptions:
Azithromycin 250MG {Take two tablets daily for seven days} and
Ciprofloxacin HCL 500MG{Take one tablet orally two times a day for fourteen days}

Only two X-Rays and no blood test done,
so how did Dr Hladon know what to prescribe ?

He took the medicine and instructions as given.

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The FBI are also exploiting fear and they have the BSU as their asset. Bill Lang has casually spoken about death and intimidation about how Max will get fired with one more coaching which comes from the FBI and Wal-Mart’s Homeoffice in Bentonville Arkansas 72716.

Possible causes Max Rafael Waller’s fear of possibly dying.
Around Wednesday, 21 March 2007 he dragged the rotting carcass of a dog so children would not touch it.

It was in front on the Pepsi Bottling Plant in San Fernando California 91340 and its entrance is on Dronfield Ave.

He MIGHT have breathed some Bacteria, Germs or other Biological Agents and maybe some Botulism. Also Desiccating{drying} Bacteria.

Esther Topete was watering the front lawn at 11261 Sproule Ave, Pacoima California 91331 and was scared.

Max picked up a headless Squirrel that had a foul stench and maggots and placed in the garbage bin.

Psychiatric Evaluation(S) is a legal tool to discredit a critic so if they can find that a individual(s) has mental problems or unable to cope with life’s problem the discrediting tactic will work.

A stigma of mental problem is almost impossible to overcome. Being labeled with poor mental health has been used to successfully discredit a critic.

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ACTIVITIES BY THE FBI
Group Stalking will be denied resulting with the accusser(s) being prejudged or viewed as someone with Visual Hallucinations,additionally, Electromagnetic Harassment or Electromagnetic Pulses will be denied resulting with the accusser(s)being prejudged or viewed as someone with Auditory Hallucinations. Both can be used when someone is driving or walking but when someone is trying to sleep the Electromagnetic Harassment will be used to disrupt sleep and with lack of sleep people’s behavior is altered significantly and people end up with the impressions that they cannot handle stress.
Electromagnetic Harassment is used to break the will of people who dare to dissent.

The FBI has a complete profile of Max Rafael Waller and two weak areas are Anger and Anxiety, so they will create a situation that will end with him having a Fatal Heart Attack and/or Fatal Stroke.

The FBI will to DO Sleep Deprivation/disruption AGAINST MAX RAFAEL WALLER. The collaborators of US Law Enforcement are the neighbors around Sproule Ave and Pierce St area

Will the FBI be creative and imaginative with this information along with the profile to discredit Max Rafael Waller ? The neighbors around the corner of Sproule Ave and Pierce St in Pacoima California 91331 are collaborating by playing a lot of bass on their speakers and technically their noise is considered Electro-Magnetic Pulses, EMP, since the speakers have magnets energized or powered by electricity.

This is why it is vital for them to have people found to be mentally unstable by the legal use of Psychological Evaluation.

The FBI will discredit Max Rafael Waller by ALL NECESSARY MEANS as they other Americans like a serial killer Biological and Psychological war along with Electronic from their world famous Behavioral Science Unit or BSU

The FBI might HAVE an unofficial pact with Organized Crime and they have been intercepting phone calls and ended phone calls with the help of Time-Warner Cable

US Law Enforcement have all of the Internet activities and had yet to find any evidence to charge someone of potentially being an Internet Predator and Pedophile.

Sadly the owners of the house at 11261 Sproule Ave, Pacoima CA 91331 are family members and do NOT want to get involved. Su much for family unity.

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Surveillance, Psychotronics and (Gang)Stalking Operations

The Xiandos web site is

http://xiandos.info/Surveillance,_Psychotronics_and_(Gang-)Stalking_Operations
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The FBI will cite National Security and not allow the reviews of any US Federal Black Operations. Any damaging evidence destroyed or manipulated before it is declassified. An example is how LTC Oliver North and Fawn Hall destroyed documents about Iran Contra.

The Electronic equipment emit Electromagnetic Waves. There is something called Electromagnetic Spectrum that range from low energy to high level energy.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html

The Frequencies of the Human Body
The Human Body is has certain frequencies with certain organs like the heart and brain have a specific frequency and the emitter or transmitter can be adjusted to slowly damage them and leading to any illness. They will target the respiratory organs, digestive organs, the heart, the brain, and the reproductive organsby trying to matching their frequency range.
The result will be mental problems.
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The following is something the FBI do not want Americans to be aware of and Electronic Terrorist Activities is one of the Covert Operations.

Please visit http://www.mdspec.com to find about transmissions of Electromagnetic Waves from Low Energy to High Energy.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES can cause cancers and tumors to the Human Body with a continous exposure and the FBI know this.

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http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-103793

The following is a from Privacy International
Freedom of information has suffered other setbacks under the Bush Adminsitration.
The September 11 attacks provided justification for the withdrawal of a number of types of government information on the web.

The Bush Administration had already been accused of being the most secretive government in many decades.

On October 12, 2001 Attorney General John Ashcroft issued a policy memorandum on the Freedom of Information Act that encourages government officials to deny access to information.

At the same time, other “sensitive” information such as the locations of nuclear power plants, chemical hazard risk management plans, pipeline maps, and reports related to other hazards were removed from government agency Web sites on the grounds of national security.

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To verify the FBI’s LACK OF COOPERATION

Please call 1-310-477-6565 and if they respond only with FBI keep on pressing with the question “May I please have your name.”

If they refuse then ask “Please cite the guidline or policy that states that you do not have to give me you name”
The FBI might HAVE an unofficial pact with Organized Crime and they have been intercepting phone calls and ended phone calls with the help of Time-Warner Cable

The routine patrols by the Los Angeles Police Department has been NOTICEABLE ABSENT from Dronfield St and Pierce St along Dronfield St all the way to Dronfield St and Arroyo St that Max Rafael Waller walks this route

The FBI, MySpace, and Yahoo are master of allowing “technical glitches and other excuses” and this is an example of an almost Orwellian Society.

MySpace, Yahoo, MSN, along with others protect White Supremacist willingly! Yahoo,MSN,and Google HAVE betrayed dissenters in China and ARE betraying people in the United States of America, so we live in an almost Orwellian Society.

Yahoo will not going to allow irrelevant answers to any topic at their forum and forget that people are smart and will ignore them, thus Yahoo should not censor even moronic ranting.

Allow Yahoo users ignore and continue, moreover, Yahoo records their IP Address so what is the problem? MySpace might censor people.

You want an example?
I am writing about topics not related to the heading. Please read my comments on the headline; Music. What I wrote there is tangential!

Max Rafael Waller used to give too much personal information and others that should had NEVER been revealed and might have been used to discredit him or end up with bad publicity. Especially to Bill Lang

His brother would say to give to much info and you need to be discreet and Max’s mother also agrees.

Do not be surprised when they use Cease and Desist for Legal Intimidation that has worked.

Will the Legal Division have legitimate countercharges ? Yes, but I chose no to type all them and have them ready for a lawyer for effective defense and so it is their problem to figure them out.

Duress and Graymail may be part of the defense of Max Rafael Waller along with the usual Freedom of Exprssion afforded by the US Constitution Graymail can be used against US Federal Government and possibly local Law Enforcement.

The US Courts protect men with Power and Wealth.

Wal-Mart rivals the propaganda of Joseph Goebbel and hides the truth so easily with over 30 years of practice and refining. The deafeated Thomas M Coughlin has almost 30 years of Wal-Mart’s dirt.

The New York Times do NOT fear Wal-Mart and in fact I hope they investigate everything stated here Some people are giving the impression that they are from OSHA, Occupational Safety Hazard Agency. Report them because they are breaking the law(s). Samuel Robson Walton and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc somewhat fear the investigative reporting prowess of the New York Times

The Code of Silence is not just strictly applicable to Law Enforcement!

Public education and priorities will save the United States of America

Ensuring that legal cases proving that the rules to ensure to easy terminate people are not made aware?

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has a persistent Legal Divsion that rivals the US Federal Government and has many victories on its belt.

It can be verified just ask the New York Times for confirmation.

Wal Mart Stores, Inc violate their own Global Ethics policies. Their Global Ethics Office have stated that they only handle Age Discrimination.

Read the United Nations Global Compact

http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/TheTenPrinciples/principle10.html

http://www.unglobalcompact.org/Issues/transparency_anticorruption/index.html

http://www.iccwbo.org/policy/anticorruption/iccfccd/index.html?cookies=no

Institute for Global Ethics

http://www.globalethics.org/

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No evidence has been found to justify surveillance and justify tactics used by the US Homeland Security and local Law Enforcement.

PLEASE show all of the information gathered !

Who are involved: the Los Angeles Police Department, the San Fernando Police Department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and a lot of associates from Sam’s Club 6625 and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
The US Air Force
Covert Units from Edwards Air Force Base
Helicopters from are doing the bidding of the FBI and sending
Electromagnetic Waves or Signals
You can tell them because the are dark gray
with no identifying numbers NOT even the typical US Air Force

Max Rafael Waller is a proud Life Member of the Air Force Association
Please visit the AFA at http://www.afa.org and
Chapter 121 or the Doolittle Chapter.
Please visit
http://www.myspace.com/uss_america {erased by the FBI},
and
http://72.14.253.104/custom?q=cache:STCxJMuHTxQJ:www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/stealth.pdf+Covert+%2B+Edwards+%2B+Air+Force+%2B+Base&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=us

This is the Code of Silence at its WORST.

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The following is something the FBI do not want Americans to be aware of and Electronic Terrorist Activities is one of the Covert Operations.

Please visit http://www.mdspec.com to find about transmissions of Electromagnetic Waves from Low Energy to High Energy.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES can cause cancers and tumors to the Human Body with a continous exposure and the FBI know this.

——————————————————————————–
http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-103793
The following is a from Privacy International
Freedom of information has suffered other setbacks under the Bush Adminsitration.
The September 11 attacks provided justification for the withdrawal of a number of types of government information on the web.

The Bush Administration had already been accused of being the most secretive government in many decades.

On October 12, 2001 Attorney General John Ashcroft issued a policy memorandum on the Freedom of Information Act that encourages government officials to deny access to information.

At the same time, other “sensitive” information such as the locations of nuclear power plants, chemical hazard risk management plans, pipeline maps, and reports related to other hazards were removed from government agency Web sites on the grounds of national security.

——————————————————————————–
To verify the FBI’s LACK OF COOPERATION

Please call 1-310-477-6565 and if they respond only with FBI keep on pressing with the question “May I please have your name.”

If they refuse then ask “Please cite the guidline or policy that states that you do not have to give me you name”
Censorship on the internet

The FBI, MySpace, and Yahoo are master of allowing “technical glitches and other excuses” and this is an example of an almost Orwellian Society.

MySpace, Yahoo, MSN, along with others protect White Supremacist willingly! Yahoo,MSN,and Google HAVE betrayed dissenters in China and ARE betraying people in the United States of America, so we live in an almost Orwellian Society.

Yahoo will not going to allow irrelevant answers to any topic at their forum and forget that people are smart and will ignore them, thus Yahoo should not censor even moronic ranting.

Allow Yahoo users ignore and continue, moreover, Yahoo records their IP Address so what is the problem? MySpace might censor people.

You want an example?
I am writing about topics not related to the heading. Please read my comments on the headline; Music. What I wrote there is tangential!

The FBI{twice} were given via e-mail, max_rafael_waller@hotmail.com,
the following pertaining to Max Rafael Waller; Social Security Account Number, Driver’s License Number with expiration date, Home and Work Address with their telephone numbers.

The rules of grammar, writing, are not the same as those for speaking.
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Dr Robert Louis Pritchard of Los Angeles Valley College is credible with integrity and a consumate professional. Dr Pritchard will be teaching US Constitutional Law in the fall of 2007. PLEASE TAKE HIM AND BECOME AN INTELLIGENT THINKER!
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MySpace is ensure that the name Max Rafael Waller is not found on their MySpace search “powered” meaning paid by you guessed it! mainly Google.
=====================================================
Max Rafael Waller is a PROUD Life Member of the Air Force Association{US Air Force} and the US Naval Institute. A former N.J.R.O.T.C. cadet at San Fernando Senior High School and alumn of Les Prestigians ~ Class of 1983.

US ARMY 1984-1988 Active duty

=====================================================

US President Dwight David Eisenhower told the truth about the US Military-Industrial Complex. General of the Army Eisenhower was a great military man but found out that fellow Republicans did not have to obey his orders.

President Ronalnd Wilson Reagan is dead, but President George Herbert Walker Bush is still alive.

Do you think the President George Walker Bush would bust his dad to save his legacy ?

Heroes

Theodore Roosevelt and James Earl Carter, Jr or Jimmy Carter.

Earl Warren was a great progressive Republican Governor of the State of California and one of the best Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court.

The US Constitution has been on a steady decline with the Warren Burger US Supreme Court that began around 1969.
Employment Lawyers
Be patient or visit http://www.myspace.com/max_rafael_waller and make your own conclusion !

trivikram s asked:


Bhavani is the area’s most influential and feared don. The police are searching for him harder then ever and he feels that his criminals are unfit for this. He wants a mentally and physically strong person in his gang. Bhavani kills Ram’s Parents and drop Ram out in the streets. There Ram and the other members of the streets and gangs constantly fight and kill and do anything for food, shelter, and water. They don’t care about anything else. Ram grows up in a violent setting and soon gets used to it stealing, killing, and doing whatever that is possible. The cops come and arrest him and he gets taken to court where he explains how he is doing this to survive. Ram’s uncle whom is a famous lawyer fights his way through the case and takes Ram to his house where he is introduced to the family setting. He slowly starts learning about the relationships and about love. His step brother is a drug addict who comes home and abuses the family using the gun to
threaten everyone. Ram then one day kills his step-brother for his atrocities and states how he won’t let anyone mess with the family whom he loves. Ram goes to a university whom his uncle found for him and studies there as a lawyer for crime as he feels that his aim is to help free all the poor innocent people from crimes that they didn’t mentally commit to like what he did. Ram falls in love with a girl there named Shela. They both end up marrying after he becomes a lawyer. Ram then goes around helping people wanting to gain respect in society and to help the poor. Bhavani meanwhile goes to Ram and offers him a place in the gang stating that he was the only one who had the strength and criminal knowledge to help save millions of people who like him get involved in gang fights. Ram denies the opportunity stating how he doesn’t want to mingle with a dangerous criminal like him. Bhavani getting mad kills his wife and kids and flees to an outside country. Ram vows to find Bhavani and end
his reign. He goes to a psychologist as he feels that he has to control his anger and emotion as thinking carefully is better than making a mistake in haste. The psychologist tells Ram how he worked for Bhavani and how Bhavani was the one who wanted Ram in his gang from the beginning. He helped Ram gain the strength through his previous years where he stole as according to heirachy of needs a human will do anything to gain the basic 3 things food, water, and shelter. Bhavani then celeverly planned the hero to get out of this business and from there go and stay with his familt developing loyalty. Ram after hearing this gets the location of Bhavani and kills him.

yellowjello64 asked:


I have to do a social studies study guide, and I can’t find these. These questions are from the end of Revolutionary war to the end of the war of 1812.
1.In the ________________ Jefferson and Madison said that states had the right to not follow laws passed by the national government that they thought were wrong. (this was right after the alien and sedition acts were passed.)
2. The court case of ____________vs._________________ gave the supreme court the power of judicial review.
3. The famous American ship _____________ defeated the British warship guerriere in a classic naval battle(also many others).
4. The ___________________ was a meeting of Federalists where they protested the war and threatened to break away from the nation.
5. What was a major reason why many did not want to fight a war against Britain?(war of 1812)
6. Who was Zebulon Pike?
7. List three ways that Sacajawea helped the Corps of Discovery succeed.

Jess asked:


ok. i am trying to do a project for social studies, and i just can’t find ANY answers. i have looked EVERYWHERE! what problems have the 22nd amendment solved? who were famous people in the founding of it? what conflict does it address? what are some famous court cases? and how can i remember this amendment? i have looked EVERYWHERE! please help me!!!

Annamole asked:


I’m only finding the ones that are dated a long time ago. I can’t find anything recent. :[

smart-doctor-egypt asked:


THE STATUS OF WOMAN IN ISLAM
By Jamal A. Badawi

CONTENTS
PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

Women in Ancient Civilization
WOMEN IN ISLAM

1. The Spiritual Aspect
2. The Social Aspect
(a) As a Child and Adolescent
(b) As a Wife
(c) As a Mother
3. The Economic Aspect
4. The political Aspect
CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PREFACE

Family, society and ultimately the whole of mankind is treated by Islam on an ethical basis. Differentiation in sex is neither a credit nor a drawback for the sexes. Therefore, when we talk about status of woman in Islam it should not lead us to think that Islam has no specific guidelines, limitations, responsibilities and obligations for men. What makes one valuable and respectable in the eyes of Allah, the Creator of mankind and the universe, is neither one’s prosperity, position, intelligence, physical strength nor beauty, but only one’s Allah-consciousness and awareness (taqwa). However, since in the Western culture and in cultures influenced by it, there exists a disparity between men and women there is more need for stating Islam’s position on important issues in a clear way.

Dr. Jamal Badawi’s essay, The Status of Women in Islam, was originally published in our quarterly journal, Al-lttihad, Vol. 8, No. 2, Sha’ban 1391/Sept 1971. Since then it has been one of our most-demanded publications. We thank Br. Jamal for permitting us to reprint his essay. We hope it will clarify many of the misconceptions.

Anis Ahmad,
Director Dept. of Education and Training
MSA of U.S. and Canada
P.O. Box 38 Plainfield, IN 46168 USA

Jumada al Thani 1400 April 1980

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I. INTRODUCTION
The status of women in society is neither a new issue nor is it a fully settled one.

The position of Islam on this issue has been among the subjects presented to the Western reader with the least objectivity.

This paper is intended to provide a brief and authentic exposition of what Islam stands for in this regard. The teachings of Islam are based essentially on the Qur’an (God’s revelation) and Hadeeth (elaboration by Prophet Muhammad).

The Qur’an and the Hadeeth, properly and unbiasedly understood, provide the basic source of authentication for any position or view which is attributed to Islam.

The paper starts with a brief survey of the status of women in the pre-Islamic era. It then focuses on these major questions: What is the position of Islam regarding the status of woman in society? How similar or different is that position from “the spirit of the time,” which was dominant when Islam was revealed? How would this compare with the “rights” which were finally gained by woman in recent decades?

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II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
One major objective of this paper is to provide a fair evaluation of what Islam contributed (or failed to contribute) toward the restoration of woman’s dignity and rights. In order to achieve this objective, it may be useful to review briefly how women were treated in general in previous civilizations and religions, especially those which preceded Islam (Pre-610 C.E.). Part of the information provided here, however, describes the status of woman as late as the nineteenth century, more than twelve centuries after Islam.

Women in Ancient Civilization

Describing the status of the Indian woman, Encyclopedia Britannica states:

In India, subjection was a cardinal principle. Day and night must women be held by their protectors in a state of dependence says Manu. The rule of inheritance was agnatic, that is descent traced through males to the exclusion of females.
In Hindu scriptures, the description of a good wife is as follows: “a woman whose mind, speech and body are kept in subjection, acquires high renown in this world, and, in the next, the same abode with her husband.”
In Athens, women were not better off than either the Indian or the Roman women.

“Athenian women were always minors, subject to some male - to their father, to their brother, or to some of their male kin.

Her consent in marriage was not generally thought to be necessary and “she was obliged to submit to the wishes of her parents, and receive from them her husband and her lord, even though he were stranger to her.”

A Roman wife was described by an historian as: “a babe, a minor, a ward, a person incapable of doing or acting anything according to her own individual taste, a person continually under the tutelage and guardianship of her husband.”

In the Encyclopedia Britannica, we find a summary of the legal status of women in the Roman civilization:

In Roman Law a woman was even in historic times completely dependent. If married she and her property passed into the power of her husband . . . the wife was the purchased property of her husband, and like a slave acquired only for his benefit. A woman could not exercise any civil or public office . could not be a witness, surety, tutor, or curator; she could not adopt or be adopted, or make will or contract. Among the Scandinavian races women were:
under perpetual tutelage, whether married or unmarried. As late as the Code of Christian V, at the end of the 17th Century, it was enacted that if a woman married without the consent of her tutor he might have, if he wished, administration and usufruct of her goods during her life.

According to the English Common Law:

…all real property which a wife held at the time of a marriage became a possession of her husband. He was entitled to the rent from the land and to any profit which might be made from operating the estate during the joint life of the spouses. As time passed, the English courts devised means to forbid a husband’s transferring real property without the consent of his wife, but he still retained the right to manage it and to receive the money which it produced. As to a wife’s personal property, the husband’s power was complete. He had the right to spend it as he saw fit.

Only by the late nineteenth Century did the situation start to improve. “By a series of acts starting with the Married women’s Property Act in 1870, amended in 1882 and 1887, married women achieved the right to own property and to enter contracts on a par with spinsters, widows, and divorcees.” As late as the Nineteenth Century an authority in ancient law, Sir Henry Maine, wrote: “No society which preserves any tincture of Christian institutions is likely to restore to married women the personal liberty conferred on them by the Middle Roman Law.”
In his essay The Subjection of Women, John Stuart Mill wrote:

We are continually told that civilization and Christianity have restored to the woman her just rights. Meanwhile the wife is the actual bondservant of her husband; no less so, as far as the legal obligation goes, than slaves commonly so called.
Before moving on to the Qur’anic decrees concerning the status of woman, a few Biblical decrees may shed more light on the subject, thus providing a better basis for an impartial evaluation. In the Mosaic Law, the wife was betrothed. Explaining this concept, the Encyclopedia Biblica states: “To betroth a wife to oneself meant simply to acquire possession of her by payment of the purchase money; the betrothed is a girl for whom the purchase money has been paid.” From the legal point of view, the consent of the girl was not necessary for the validation of her marriage. “The girl’s consent is unnecessary and the need for it is nowhere suggested in the Law.”
As to the right of divorce, we read in the Encyclopedia Biblica: “The woman being man’s property, his right to divorce her follows as a matter of course.” The right to divorce was held only by man. “In the Mosaic Law divorce was a privilege of the husband only …. ”

The position of the Christian Church until recent centuries seems to have been influenced by both the Mosaic Law and by the streams of thought that were dominant in its contemporary cultures. In their book, Marriage East and West, David and Vera Mace wrote:

Let no one suppose, either, that our Christian heritage is free of such slighting judgments. It would be hard to find anywhere a collection of more degrading references to the female sex than the early Church Fathers provide. Lecky, the famous historian, speaks of (these fierce incentives which form so conspicuous and so grotesque a portion of the writing of the Fathers . . . woman was represented as the door of hell, as the mother of all human ills. She should be ashamed at the very thought that she is a woman. She should live in continual penance on account of the curses she has brought upon the world. She should be ashamed of her dress, for it is the memorial of her fall. She should be especially ashamed of her beauty, for it is the most potent instrument of the devil). One of the most scathing of these attacks on woman is that of Tertullian: Do you know that you are each an Eve? The sentence of God on this sex of yours lives in this age: the guilt must of necessity live too. You are the devil’s gateway: you are the unsealer of that forbidden tree; you are the first deserters of the divine law; you are she who persuades him whom the devil was not valiant enough to attack. You destroyed so easily God’s image, man. On account of your desert - that is death - even the Sop of God had to die). Not only did the church affirm the inferior status of woman, it deprived her of legal rights she had previously enjoyed.

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III. WOMAN IN ISLAM
In the midst of the darkness that engulfed the world, the divine revelation echoed in the wide desert of Arabia with a fresh, noble, and universal message to humanity: “O Mankind, keep your duty to your Lord who created you from a single soul and from it created its mate (of same kind) and from them twain has spread a multitude of men and women” (Qur’an 4: 1).

A scholar who pondered about this verse states: “It is believed that there is no text, old or new, that deals with the humanity of the woman from all aspects with such amazing brevity, eloquence, depth, and originality as this divine decree.”

Stressing this noble and natural conception, them Qur’an states:

He (God) it is who did create you from a single soul and therefrom did create his mate, that he might dwell with her (in love)…(Qur’an 7:189)
The Creator of heavens and earth: He has made for you pairs from among yourselves …Qur’an 42:1 1

And Allah has given you mates of your own nature, and has given you from your mates, children and grandchildren, and has made provision of good things for you. Is it then in vanity that they believe and in the grace of God that they disbelieve? Qur’an 16:72

The rest of this paper outlines the position of Islam regarding the status of woman in society from its various aspects - spiritually, socially, economically and politically.

1. The Spiritual Aspect

The Qur’an provides clear-cut evidence that woman iscompletely equated with man in the sight of God interms of her rights and responsibilities. The Qur’an states:

“Every soul will be (held) in pledge for its deeds” (Qur’an 74:38). It also states:
…So their Lord accepted their prayers, (saying): I will not suffer to be lost the work of any of you whether male or female. You proceed one from another …(Qur’an 3: 195).

Whoever works righteousness, man or woman, and has faith, verily to him will We give a new life that is good and pure, and We will bestow on such their reward according to the their actions. (Qur’an 16:97, see also 4:124).

Woman according to the Qur’an is not blamed for Adam’s first mistake. Both were jointly wrong in their disobedience to God, both repented, and both were forgiven. (Qur’an 2:36, 7:20 - 24). In one verse in fact (20:121), Adam specifically, was blamed.
In terms of religious obligations, such as the Daily Prayers, Fasting, Poor-due, and Pilgrimage, woman is no different from man. In some cases indeed, woman has certain advantages over man. For example, the woman is exempted from the daily prayers and from fasting during her menstrual periods and forty days after childbirth. She is also exempted from fasting during her pregnancy and when she is nursing her baby if there is any threat to her health or her baby’s. If the missed fasting is obligatory (during the month of Ramadan), she can make up for the missed days whenever she can. She does not have to make up for the prayers missed for any of the above reasons. Although women can and did go into the mosque during the days of the prophet and thereafter attendance et the Friday congregational prayers is optional for them while it is mandatory for men (on Friday).

This is clearly a tender touch of the Islamic teachings for they are considerate of the fact that a woman may be nursing her baby or caring for him, and thus may be unable to go out to the mosque at the time of the prayers. They also take into account the physiological and psychological changes associated with her natural female functions.

2. The Social Aspect

a) As a child and an adolescent

Despite the social acceptance of female infanticide among some Arabian tribes, the Qur’an forbade this custom, and considered it a crime like any other murder.

“And when the female (infant) buried alive - is questioned, for what crime she was killed.” (Qur’an 81:8-9).
Criticizing the attitudes of such parents who reject their female children, the Qur’an states:
When news is brought to one of them, of (the Birth of) a female (child), his face darkens and he is filled with inward grief! With shame does he hide himself from his people because of the bad news he has had! Shall he retain her on (sufferance) and contempt, or bury her in the dust? Ah! What an evil (choice) they decide on? (Qur’an 16: 58-59).
Far from saving the girl’s life so that she may later suffer injustice and inequality, Islam requires kind and just treatment for her. Among the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (P.) in this regard are the following:
Whosoever has a daughter and he does not bury her alive, does not insult her, and does not favor his son over her, God will enter him into Paradise. (Ibn Hanbal, No. 1957).
Whosoever supports two daughters till they mature, he and I will come in the day of judgment as this (and he pointed with his two fingers held together).

A similar Hadeeth deals in like manner with one who supports two sisters. (Ibn-Hanbal, No. 2104).
The right of females to seek knowledge is not different from that of males. Prophet Muhammad (P.) said:

“Seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim”. (AlBayhaqi). Muslim as used here including both males and females.
b) As a wife:

The Qur’an clearly indicates that marriage is sharing between the two halves of the society, and that its objectives, beside perpetuating human life, are emotional well-being and spiritual harmony. Its bases are love and mercy.

Among the most impressive verses in the Qur’an about marriage is the following.

“And among His signs is this: That He created mates for you from yourselves that you may find rest, peace of mind in them, and He ordained between you love and mercy. Lo, herein indeed are signs for people who reflect.” (Qur’an 30:2 1).
According to Islamic Law, women cannot be forced to marry anyone without their consent.
Ibn Abbas reported that a girl came to the Messenger of God, Muhammad (P.), and she reported that her father had forced her to marry without her consent. The Messenger of God gave her the choice . . . (between accepting the marriage or invalidating it). (Ibn Hanbal No. 2469). In another version, the girl said: “Actually I accept this marriage but I wanted to let women know that parents have no right (to force a husband on them)” (Ibn Maja, No. 1873).

Besides all other provisions for her protection at the time of marriage, it was specifically decreed that woman has the full right to her Mahr, a marriage gift, which is presented to her by her husband and is included in the nuptial contract, and that such ownership does not transfer to her father or husband. The concept of Mahr in Islam is neither an actual or symbolic price for the woman, as was the case in certain cultures, but rather it is a gift symbolizing love and affection.

The rules for married life in Islam are clear and in harmony with upright human nature. In consideration of the physiological and psychological make-up of man and woman, both have equal rights and claims on one another, except for one responsibility, that of leadership. This is a matter which is natural in any collective life and which is consistent with the nature of man.

The Qur’an thus states:

“And they (women) have rights similar to those (of men) over them, and men are a degree above them.” (Qur’an 2:228).
Such degree is Quiwama (maintenance and protection). This refers to that natural difference between the sexes which entitles the weaker sex to protection. It implies no superiority or advantage before the law. Yet, man’s role of leadership in relation to his family does not mean the husband’s dictatorship over his wife. Islam emphasizes the importance of taking counsel and mutual agreement in family decisions. The Qur’an gives us an example:
“…If they (husband wife) desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, there is no blame on them…” (Qur’an 2: 233).
Over and above her basic rights as a wife comes the right which is emphasized by the Qur’an and is strongly recommended by the Prophet (P); kind treatment and companionship.
The Qur’an states:

“…But consort with them in kindness, for if you hate them it may happen that you hate a thing wherein God has placed much good.” (Qur’an 4: l9).

Prophet Muhammad. (P) said:

The best of you is the best to his family and I am the best among you to my family.

The most perfect believers are the best in conduct and best of you are those who are best to their wives. (Ibn-Hanbal, No. 7396)

Behold, many women came to Muhammad’s wives complaining against their husbands (because they beat them) - - those (husbands) are not the best of you.

As the woman’s right to decide about her marriage is recognized, so also her right to seek an end for an unsuccessful marriage is recognized. To provide for the stability of the family, however, and in order to protect it from hasty decisions under temporary emotional stress, certain steps and waiting periods should be observed by men and women seeking divorce. Considering the relatively more emotional nature of women, a good reason for asking for divorce should be brought before the judge. Like the man, however, the woman can divorce her husband with out resorting to the court, if the nuptial contract allows that.
More specifically, some aspects of Islamic Law concerning marriage and divorce are interesting and are worthy of separate treatment.

When the continuation of the marriage relationship is impossible for any reason, men are still taught to seek a gracious end for it.

The Qur’an states about such cases:

When you divorce women, and they reach their prescribed term, then retain them in kindness and retain them not for injury so that you transgress (the limits). (Qur’an 2:231). (See also Qur’an 2:229 and 33:49).

c) As a mother:

Islam considered kindness to parents next to the worship of God.

“And we have enjoined upon man (to be good) to his parents: His mother bears him in weakness upon weakness…” (Qur’an 31:14) (See also Qur’an 46:15, 29:8).
Moreover, the Qur’an has a special recommendation for the good treatment of mothers:
“Your Lord has decreed that you worship none save Him, and that you be kind to your parents. . .” (Qur’an 17:23).
A man came to Prophet Muhammad (P) asking:
O Messenger of God, who among the people is the most worthy of my good company? The Prophet (P) said, Your mother. The man said then who else: The Prophet (P) said, Your mother. The man asked, Then who else? Only then did the Prophet (P) say, Your father. (Al-Bukhari and Muslim).
A famous saying of The Prophet is “Paradise is at the feet of mothers.” (In Al’Nisa’I, Ibn Majah, Ahmad).
“It is the generous (in character) who is good to women, and it is the wicked who insults them.”

3. The Economic Aspect

Islam decreed a right of which woman was deprived both before Islam and after it (even as late as this century), the right of independent ownership. According to Islamic Law, woman’s right to her money, real estate, or other properties is fully acknowledged. This right undergoes no change whether she is single or married. She retains her full rights to buy, sell, mortgage or lease any or all her properties. It is nowhere suggested in the Law that a woman is a minor simply because she is a female. It is also noteworthy that such right applies to her properties before marriage as well as to whatever she acquires thereafter.

With regard to the woman’s right to seek employment it should be stated first that Islam regards her role in society as a mother and a wife as the most sacred and essential one. Neither maids nor baby-sitters can possibly take the mother’s place as the educator of an upright, complex free, and carefully-reared children. Such a noble and vital role, which largely shapes the future of nations, cannot be regarded as “idleness”.

However, there is no decree in Islam which forbids woman from seeking employment whenever there is a necessity for it, especially in positions which fit her nature and in which society needs her most. Examples of these professions are nursing, teaching (especially for children), and medicine. Moreover, there is no restriction on benefiting from woman’s exceptional talent in any field. Even for the position of a judge, where there may be a tendency to doubt the woman’s fitness for the post due to her more emotional nature, we find early Muslim scholars such as Abu-Hanifa and Al-Tabary holding there is nothing wrong with it. In addition, Islam restored to woman the right of inheritance, after she herself was an object of inheritance in some cultures. Her share is completely hers and no one can make any claim on it, including her father and her husband.

“Unto men (of the family) belongs a share of that which Parents and near kindred leave, and unto women a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, whether it be a little or much - a determinate share.” ((Qur’an 4:7).
Her share in most cases is one-half the man’s share, with no implication that she is worth half a man! It would seem grossly inconsistent after the overwhelming evidence of woman’s equitable treatment in Islam, which was discussed in the preceding pages, to make such an inference. This variation in inheritance rights is only consistent with the variations in financial responsibilities of man and woman according to the Islamic Law. Man in Islam is fully responsible for the maintenance of his wife, his children, and in some cases of his needy relatives, especially the females. This responsibility is neither waived nor reduced because of his wife’s wealth or because of her access to any personal income gained from work, rent, profit, or any other legal means.
Woman, on the other hand, is far more secure financially and is far less burdened with any claims on her possessions. Her possessions before marriage do not transfer to her husband and she even keeps her maiden name. She has no obligation to spend on her family out of such properties or out of her income after marriage. She is entitled to the “Mahr” which she takes from her husband at the time of marriage. If she is divorced, she may get an alimony from her ex-husband.

An examination of the inheritance law within the overall framework of the Islamic Law reveals not only justice but also an abundance of compassion for woman.

4. The Political Aspect

Any fair investigation of the teachings of Islam o~ into the history of the Islamic civilization will surely find a clear evidence of woman’s equality with man in what we call today “political rights”.

This includes the right of election as well as the nomination to political offices. It also includes woman’s right to participate in public affairs. Both in the Qur’an and in Islamic history we find examples of women who participated in serious discussions and argued even with the Prophet (P) himself, (see Qur’an 58: 14 and 60: 10-12).

During the Caliphate of Omar Ibn al-Khattab, a woman argued with him in the mosque, proved her point, and caused him to declare in the presence of people: “A woman is right and Omar is wrong.”

Although not mentioned in the Qur’an, one Hadeeth of the Prophet is interpreted to make woman ineligible for the position of head of state. The Hadeeth referred to is roughly translated: “A people will not prosper if they let a woman be their leader.” This limitation, however, has nothing to do with the dignity of woman or with her rights. It is rather, related to the natural differences in the biological and psychological make-up of men and women.

According to Islam, the head of the state is no mere figurehead. He leads people in the prayers, especially on Fridays and festivities; he is continuously engaged in the process of decision-making pertaining to the security and well-being of his people. This demanding position, or any similar one, such as the Commander of the Army, is generally inconsistent with the physiological and psychological make-up of woman in general. It is a medical fact that during their monthly periods and during their pregnancies, women undergo various physiological and psychological changes. Such changes may occur during an emergency situation, thus affecting her decision, without considering the excessive strain which is produced. Moreover, some decisions require a maximum of rationality and a minimum of emotionality - a requirement which does not coincide with the instinctive nature of women.

Even in modern times, and in the most developed countries, it is rare to find a woman in the position of a head of state acting as more than a figurehead, a woman commander of the armed services, or even a proportionate number of women representatives in parliaments, or similar bodies. One can not possibly ascribe this to backwardness of various nations or to any constitutional limitation on woman’s right to be in such a position as a head of state or as a member of the parliament. It is more logical to explain the present situation in terms of the natural and indisputable differences between man and woman, a difference which does not imply any “supremacy” of one over the other. The difference implies rather the “complementary” roles of both the sexes in life.

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IV. CONCLUSION
The first part of this paper deals briefly with the position of various religions and cultures on the issue under investigation. Part of this exposition extends to cover the general trend as late as the nineteenth century, nearly 1300 years after the Qur’an set forth the Islamic teachings.
In the second part of the paper, the status of women in Islam is briefly discussed. Emphasis in this part is placed on the original and authentic sources of Islam. This represents the standard according to which degree of adherence of Muslims can be judged. It is also a fact that during the downward cycle of Islamic Civilization, such teachings were not strictly adhered to by many people who profess to be Muslims.

Such deviations were unfairly exaggerated by some writers, and the worst of this, were superficially taken to represent the teachings of “Islam” to the Western reader without taking the trouble to make any original and unbiased study of the authentic sources of these teachings.

Even with such deviations three facts are worth mentioning:

1. The history of Muslims is rich with women of great achievements in all walks of life from as early as the seventh century (B.C.)

2. It is impossible for anyone to justify any mistreatment of woman by any decree of rule embodied in the Islamic Law, nor could anyone dare to cancel, reduce, or distort the clear-cut legal rights of women given in Islamic Law.

3. Throughout history, the reputation, chastity and maternal role of Muslim women were objects of admiration by impartial observers.

It is also worthwhile to state that the status which women reached during the present era was not achieved due to the kindness of men or due to natural progress. It was rather achieved through a long struggle and sacrifice on woman’s part and only when society needed her contribution and work, more especial!; during the two world wars, and due to the escalation of technological change.

In the case of Islam such compassionate and dignified status was decreed, not because it reflects the environment of the seventh century, nor under the threat or pressure of women and their organizations, but rather because of its intrinsic truthfulness.

If this indicates anything, it would demonstrate the divine origin of the Qur’an and the truthfulness of the message of Islam, which, unlike human philosophies and ideologies, was far from proceeding from its human environment, a message which established such humane principles as neither grew obsolete during the course of time and after these many centuries, nor can become obsolete in the future. After all, this is the message of the All-Wise and all-knowing God whose wisdom and knowledge are far beyond the ultimate in human thought and progress.